Electrospray-on-Electrospun Breathable, Biodegradable, and Robust Nanofibrous Membranes with Photocatalytic Bactericidal Activity

The increasing emergence of infectious diseases like COVID-19 has created an urgent need for filtration/purification materials coupled with multifunctional features such as mechanical integrity, excellent airflow/filtration, and antibacterial/antimicrobial properties. Polymer membranes and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated high effectiveness in air filtration and purification. MOF nanoparticles have been introduced into electrospun polymer nanofibrous membranes through embedding or postsolution growth. However, the derived hybrids are still facing the issue of (1) limited MOF exposure, which leads to low efficacy;and (2) uncontrollable growth, which leads to pore blocking and low breathability. In this work, we customized an electrospray-on-electrospinning in situ process to dynamically integrate MOF nanoparticles into a robust and elastic continuous nanofibrous membrane for advanced properties including high mechanical strength and flexibility, excellent breathability, particle filtration, and good antimicrobial performance. Biodegradable polylactic acid was reinforced by the poly(hydroxybutyrate)-di-poly(DLA-CL)x copolymer (PHBR) and used as an electrospinning matrix, while MOF nanoparticles were simultaneously electrically sprayed onto the nanofibers with easily controllable MOF loading. The MOF nanoparticles were homogeneously deposited onto nanofibers without clogging the pores in the membrane. The collision of PLA and MOF under the wet status during electrospinning and the hydrogen bonding through C=O and N-H bonds strengthen the affinity between PLA nanofibers and MOF nanoparticles. Because of these factors, the MOF-incorporated PLA/PHBR nanofibrous membrane achieved over 95% particle filtration efficiency with enhanced mechanical properties while maintaining high breathability. Meanwhile, it exhibits excellent photocatalytic antibacterial performance, which is necessary to kill microbes. The electrospray-on-electrospinning in situ process provides an efficient and straightforward way to hybridize one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials into a continuous nanofibrous membrane with strong interaction and controllable loading. Upon integrating proper functionalities from the materials, the obtained hybrids are able to achieve multifunctionalities for various applications.

Customized Luminescent Multiplexed Quick-Response Codes as Reliable Temperature Mobile Optical Sensors for eHealth and Internet of Things

The need to sense and track in real time through sustainable and multifunctional labels is exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, where the simultaneous measurement of body temperature and the fast tracking of people is required. One of the big challenges is to develop effective low-cost systems that can promote healthcare provision everywhere and for that, smarter and personalized Internet of things (IoT) devices are a pathway in large exploration, toward cost reduction and sustainability. Using the concept of color-multiplexed quick response (QR) codes, customized smart labels formed by two independent layers and smart location patterns provide simultaneous tracking and multiple synchronous temperature reading with maximum sensitivity values of 8.5% K-1 in the physiological temperature range, overwhelming the state-of-the-art optical sensor for healthcare services provided electronically via the internet (eHealth) and mobile sensors (mHealth).

Covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks against pathogenic viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria: Diagnostic and therapeutic applications

Antimicrobial resistance and antiviral infections statistics show that the number of global cases has been exponentially increasing;thus there is an unmet need for developing alternatives rather than to continue conventional strategies such as antibiotic administration, since they failed to show promise especially during the past few decades. Among different porous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous coordination polymers broadly explored in nano- and biomedicine due to their desirable properties, including excellent surface area, structural variability, the richness of their crystal structures/architectures, allowing for engineering synergies between metal nodes, functional linkers, encapsulated substrates or nanoparticles, heterogeneous catalysis, ion exchange, controlled and targeted drug delivery, energetics, etc. MOF-based sensing platforms have shown suitable potentials for specific viral detection. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystalline organic materials with two- or three-dimensional structures, which can be employed for reducing the interaction between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in addition to other inhibitory effects. These frameworks can be applied for encapsulating antibiotics or antiviral agents against pathogens;they have been also studied for photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. Herein, the most recent advancements pertaining to the applications of these frameworks for specific detection and inhibition of pathogenic viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are cogitated, focusing on important challenges and perspectives. This review also provides expert recommendations on the future development and utility of these frameworks to manage antimicrobial resistance and infectious diseases more efficiently. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Recent advancements of metal-organic frameworks in sensing platforms: relevance in the welfare of the environment and the medical sciences with regard to cancer and SARS-CoV-2

Supramolecular architectures decorated with various conjugated building blocks give rise to numerous luminescent frameworks with interesting chemical and photophysical properties. The luminescence properties of these MOFs help global researchers achieve success in the field of recognition applications of MOFs for the detection of various targeted toxic analytes. In this regard, different MOF-based materials, along with their different host-guest recognition strategies, have been developed, emphasising selective and sensitive natures towards a particular analyte, which indeed helps in protecting our environment. The present review article discusses state-of-the art progress based on (i) advancement of electrochemical MOF-based sensors, (ii) detection of various waterborne pollutants & VOCs, and (iii) recent progress of MOFs in biomedical sciences, with regard to cancer & SARS-CoV-2, along with the advantages and current challenges to combat SARS-CoV-2 for the clinical purposes. Herein, detection of particular analytes along with their interactive mechanisms have been precisely described;however, it needs to be noted that detailed host-guest mechanistic revelations is not the topic of discussion in the present exploration. In this review, we have covered almost the last 14 years (2008-2022) of research on MOFs in the various sensing platforms. In a nutshell, the luminescent MOFs, along with their extraordinary applicability in the domains of chemical, biomedical and environmental arenas as welfare tools, have been studied in the present review article. © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Prussian Blue@Zeolitic imidazolate framework composite toward solar-triggered biodecontamination

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring composition and bandstructure diversity, are an emerging class of photoresponsive disinfectants. In this study, we demonstrated the superiority of core–shell arranged photoactive MOFs (prussian blue (PB) and zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)) for pathogen inactivation in terms of biocidal efficiency and broad-spectrum sensitivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was significantly promoted after the integration of PB due to the photosensitization effect and initiation of in situ Fenton reaction. Favorably, another inactivation channel was also opened owing to the unique photothermal effect of PB. Attributed to the facilitated ROS intracellular penetration by heat, the composite outperforms not only individual component but anatase TiO2 in pathogen elimination. Specifically, the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) inactivation efficiency of the composite (6.6 log) is 2, 1.8 and 5.1 times higher than that of PB (3.3 log), ZIF-8 (3.7 log) and TiO2 (1.3 log) over 45 min of simulated sunlight illumination. Significantly, the infectivity of Bacillus anthracis and murine coronavirus in droplets on composite-coated filter surface could be greatly reduced (approximately 3 log reduction in colony number/coronavirus titer) within few minutes of solar exposure, indicative of the great potential of MOF composites toward life-threatening microbial infection prevention. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Synthesis and performance evaluation of copper and magnesium-based metal organic framework supported ionic liquid membrane for CO2/N2 separation

The CO2 emission is enhancing drastically because of the continuous emission from industries and transport sector. Although the CO2 emission had decreased in the first half of 2020 by 8.8% due to COVID-19 restrictions however, it is again on the rise and it might exceed the estimated level in 2030. The current methods used for CO2 separation have serious operational and environmental constraints. To overcome these problems we have devised a supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM) incorporated with the blend of bimetallic metal-organic framework (MOF) of copper and magnesium ions (CuxMgx) and Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride [P66614] [Cl] ionic liquid (IL). CuxMgx MOF were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). CuxMgx MOF with [P66614] [Cl] IL were immobilized on a flat sheet of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. Single gas permeation tests of membranes loaded with 0.2/0.8 wt/wt% MOF/IL solution showed the highest CO2 permeability of 2937 Barrer and CO2/N2 selectivity of 33.26. The performance of SILM was also investigated with different water loadings of (30 wt % and 50 wt %) in addition to MOF/IL solution and at different feed pressure varying from 0.5 to 2 bars. Membranes showed enhancement in CO2 permeability to 3738 and 4628 Barrer whereas CO2/N2 selectivity decreased to 23.53 and 21.8 with membranes loaded with 30 and 50 wt % water, respectively, at a feed pressure of 2 bar. The gas permeation results show that the incorporation of CuxMgx MOF with IL in polymeric membrane enhances the CO2/N2 separation under humid conditions but slightly decreases CO2/N2 selectivity with an increase in feed pressure. The SILM synthesized in this research is highly viable for industrial flue gases because of the incorporation of phosphonium-based ILs that have high thermal stability. © 2022

Electrospray-on-Electrospun Breathable, Biodegradable, and Robust Nanofibrous Membranes with Photocatalytic Bactericidal Activity

The increasing emergence of infectious diseases like COVID-19 has created an urgent need for filtration/purification materials coupled with multifunctional features such as mechanical integrity, excellent airflow/filtration, and antibacterial/antimicrobial properties. Polymer membranes and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated high effectiveness in air filtration and purification. MOF nanoparticles have been introduced into electrospun polymer nanofibrous membranes through embedding or postsolution growth. However, the derived hybrids are still facing the issue of (1) limited MOF exposure, which leads to low efficacy;and (2) uncontrollable growth, which leads to pore blocking and low breathability. In this work, we customized an electrospray-on-electrospinning in situ process to dynamically integrate MOF nanoparticles into a robust and elastic continuous nanofibrous membrane for advanced properties including high mechanical strength and flexibility, excellent breathability, particle filtration, and good antimicrobial performance. Biodegradable polylactic acid was reinforced by the poly(hydroxybutyrate)-di-poly(DLA-CL)x copolymer (PHBR) and used as an electrospinning matrix, while MOF nanoparticles were simultaneously electrically sprayed onto the nanofibers with easily controllable MOF loading. The MOF nanoparticles were homogeneously deposited onto nanofibers without clogging the pores in the membrane. The collision of PLA and MOF under the wet status during electrospinning and the hydrogen bonding through C═O and N-H bonds strengthen the affinity between PLA nanofibers and MOF nanoparticles. Because of these factors, the MOF-incorporated PLA/PHBR nanofibrous membrane achieved over 95% particle filtration efficiency with enhanced mechanical properties while maintaining high breathability. Meanwhile, it exhibits excellent photocatalytic antibacterial performance, which is necessary to kill microbes. The electrospray-on-electrospinning in situ process provides an efficient and straightforward way to hybridize one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials into a continuous nanofibrous membrane with strong interaction and controllable loading. Upon integrating proper functionalities from the materials, the obtained hybrids are able to achieve multifunctionalities for various applications. © 2023 American Chemical Society.

Sr(II) and Ba(II) Alkaline Earth Metal-Organic Frameworks (AE-MOFs) for Selective Gas Adsorption, Energy Storage, and Environmental Application.

Two new alkaline earth metal-organic frameworks (AE-MOFs) containing Sr(II) (UPJS-15) or Ba(II) (UPJS-16) cations and extended tetrahedral linker (MTA) were synthesized and characterized in detail (UPJS stands for University of Pavol Jozef Safarik). Single-crystal X-ray analysis (SC-XRD) revealed that the materials are isostructural and, in their frameworks, one-dimensional channels are present with the size of ~11 × 10 Å2. The activation process of the compounds was studied by the combination of in situ heating infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis (TA) and in situ high-energy powder X-ray diffraction (HE-PXRD), which confirmed the stability of compounds after desolvation. The prepared compounds were investigated as adsorbents of different gases (Ar, N2, CO2, and H2). Nitrogen and argon adsorption measurements showed that UPJS-15 has SBET area of 1321 m2 g-1 (Ar) / 1250 m2 g-1 (N2), and UPJS-16 does not adsorb mentioned gases. From the environmental application, the materials were studied as CO2 adsorbents, and both compounds adsorb CO2 with a maximum capacity of 22.4 wt.% @ 0 °C; 14.7 wt.% @ 20 °C and 101 kPa for UPJS-15 and 11.5 wt.% @ 0°C; 8.4 wt.% @ 20 °C and 101 kPa for UPJS-16. According to IAST calculations, UPJS-16 shows high selectivity (50 for CO2/N2 10:90 mixture and 455 for CO2/N2 50:50 mixture) and can be applied as CO2 adsorbent from the atmosphere even at low pressures. The increased affinity of materials for CO2 was also studied by DFT modelling, which revealed that the primary adsorption sites are coordinatively unsaturated sites on metal ions, azo bonds, and phenyl rings within the MTA linker. Regarding energy storage, the materials were studied as hydrogen adsorbents, but the materials showed low H2 adsorption properties: 0.19 wt.% for UPJS-15 and 0.04 wt.% for UPJS-16 @ -196 °C and 101 kPa. The enhanced CO2/H2 selectivity could be used to scavenge carbon dioxide from hydrogen in WGS and DSR reactions. The second method of applying samples in the area of energy storage was the use of UPJS-15 as an additive in a lithium-sulfur battery. Cyclic performance at a cycling rate of 0.2 C showed an initial discharge capacity of 337 mAh g-1, which decreased smoothly to 235 mAh g-1 after 100 charge/discharge cycles.

Hybridization-driven fluorometric platform based on metal-organic frameworks for the identification of the highly homologous viruses.

A novel fluorometric strategy for the simultaneous identification of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV was successfully established based on a hybridization-induced signal on-off-on mechanism. Here, one part of the probe (P1) of SARS-CoV-2 (P = P1/P2) is partially related to SARS-CoV, while the other part (P2) is completely irrelevant to SARS-CoV. They as smart gatekeepers were anchored on NH2-MIL-88(Fe) (MOF@P1/P2) to turn off its catalytic performance. Only the specific SARS-CoV-2 genetic target can strongly restore the peroxidase-like activity of MOF@P1/P2. In the presence of o-phenylenediamine, SARS-CoV-2 can be efficiently detected with high sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability. This strategy demonstrated excellent analytical characteristics with a linear range (10-9 M âˆ¼ 10-6 M) under the limit of detection of 0.11 nM not only in buffer but also in 10 % serum, which partly shows its practicability. Most importantly, with the help of the auxiliary test of MOF@P1 and MOF@P2, SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV can be efficiently quantified and distinguished. This novel strategy has provided a breakthrough in the development of such identification. In the whole process, only a simple one-step experiment was involved. This circumvents the trouble of pretreatment experiments in traditional methods, including complex enzymatic mixtures, specialized experimental equipment, many primers optimization as well as reverse transcriptase. Additionally, this novel strategy is rapid, low-cost, and easy-to-use tools.

An Electrochemical Sensor for Molnupiravir Based on a Metal-Organic Framework Composited with Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): Poly(styrene sulfonate)

Herein, a novel composite based on Cu-3(BTC)(2) and poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) with ethylene glycol was successfully synthesized and then modified on the glassy carbon electrode (Cu-BTC@EG-PEDOT : PSS/GCE) to detect Molnupiravir (MPV) as an anti-covid drug. The as-prepared electrode effectively enhanced the electron transfer between the electrode and the analyte, leading to a more sensitive response in the MPV oxidation under optimum conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor has the advantages in terms of a wide linear dynamic range (0.1 up to 63.3 mu M) and a low detection limit (0.0713 mu M) as well as high selectivity in the presence of several interferences. The newly developed sensor was applied to accurately determine MPV in trace amounts in both environmental and pharmaceutical samples, indicating satisfactory recoveries in the range from 98.30 to 101.41 % for capsules and 96.20 to 104.67 % for river water. The developed sensor demonstrated an excellent electrochemical response for MPV determination owing to the synergistic effects between metal-organic frameworks and a conductive polymer. Hence, the present sensor holds great promise for identifying and quantifying antiviral drugs and extends the application of MOF composites in sensing applications.

Rapid synthesis of bismuth-organic frameworks as selective antimicrobial materials against microbial biofilms.

Antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat, and urgent actions should be undertaken for developing alternative antimicrobial strategies and approaches. Notably, bismuth drugs exhibit potent antimicrobial effects on various pathogens and promising efficacy in tackling SARS-CoV-2 and related infections. As such, bismuth-based materials could precisely combat pathogenic bacteria and effectively treat the resultant infections and inflammatory diseases through a controlled release of Bi ions for targeted drug delivery. Currently, it is a great challenge to rapidly and massively manufacture bismuth-based particles, and yet there are no reports on effectively constructing such porous antimicrobial-loaded particles. Herein, we have developed two rapid approaches (i.e., ultrasound-assisted and agitation-free methods) to synthesizing bismuth-based materials with ellipsoid- (Ellipsoids) and rod-like (Rods) morphologies respectively, and fully characterized physicochemical properties. Rods with a porous structure were confirmed as bismuth metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOF) and aligned with the crystalline structure of CAU-17. Importantly, the formation of Rods was a 'two-step' crystallization process of growing almond-flake-like units followed by stacking into the rod-like structure. The size of Bi-MOF was precisely controlled from micro-to nano-scales by varying concentrations of metal ions and their ratio to the ligand. Moreover, both Ellipsoids and Rods showed excellent biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts and potent antimicrobial effects on the Gram-negative oral pathogens including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Both Ellipsoids and Rods at 50 â€‹µg/mL could disrupt the bacterial membranes, and particularly eliminate P. gingivalis biofilms. This study demonstrates highly efficient and facile approaches to synthesizing bismuth-based particles. Our work could enrich the administration modalities of metallic drugs for promising antibiotic-free healthcare.

Inorganic Coatings and Films for Antibacterial and Antivirus Functionality

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused serious harm to people's healthy life and the normal operation of society. People have paid more attention to the prevention and control of microbial contamination such as bacteria and viruses. Blocking the spread of disease-causing microorganisms through indirect contact with humans through contaminated surfaces, or avoiding direct contact with them, is the primary way to protect us from harm. Current solutions include designing antibacterial and antiviral surface coatings and developing personal protective equipment made from self-cleaning films or fabrics. In this paper, the work of several widely studied metals, metal oxides, metal organic framework materials, etc. with antibacterial and antiviral functionality is reviewed, their microbial inactivation mechanisms as well as performance are summarized and discussed. In the end, the future perspectives on emerging research directions and challenges in the development of antibacterial and antiviral coatings and films are presented.

On Reverse Valency Based Topological Characterization of a Chemical Compound

Metal-organic frameworks explicit the consequence of these frameworks with adjustable implementations, namely, energy storage gadgets of magnificent electrode materials, gas store, heterogeneous catalysis, environmental hazard, estimation of chemicals, recognizing of definite gases, controlling solids, and supercapacitors. In this paper, we give explicit expression of the reverse general Randic index, the reverse atom bond connectivity index, the reverse geometric arithmetic index, the reverse forgotten index, the reverse Balaban index, the reverse augmented index, and different types of reverse Zagreb indices of the metal-organic framework M1TPyP-M2 (TPyP = 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (4-pyridyl) porphyrin and M1, M2 = Fe and Co). A graphical comparison of the calculated different types of the reverse degree based topological indices with the aid of the numerical values is also included.

CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated electrochemiluminescence platform for environmental and human serum SARS-CoV-2 RNA monitoring using a self-enhanced ruthenium complex linked to zeolitic imidazole framework-8

Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this highly contagious disease has ravaged the world, cumulatively causing millions of deaths and huge economic losses. As the culprit of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome beta-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious and pathogenic, which has caused extreme panic worldwide. Early and rapid monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 has a significant role in suppressing the pandemic and reducing the virus's lethality. In our work, we prepared a self-enhanced ruthenium complex linked to zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) and used it as an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter. Additionally, a double-stranded specific nuclease (DSN)-assisted target RNA cycling with catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) signal amplification technology was used to achieve the conversion of target RNA concentration to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) output which significantly improved the detection sensitivity of target RNA under environmental conditions and in real human serum samples. In addition, we also combined the trans-cleavage property of CRISPR-Cas12a with the adsorption property of C3N4 on a ferrocene (Fc)-labeled DNA probe and obtained target RNA-dependent ECL signals. The reliable detection protocol achieved the transformation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration to ECL responses, obtaining a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.67 fM with high specificity and reproducibility, which was of guiding significance for current detection methods of mutant SARS-CoV-2 and universal RNA.

Fabrication of HKUST-1/ZnO/SA nanocomposite for Doxycycline and Naproxen adsorption from contaminated water.

Doxycycline and Naproxen are among the most widely used drugs in the therapy of CoVID 19 disease found in surface water. Water scarcity in recent years has led to research to treat polluted water. One of the easy and low-cost methods for treatment is adsorption. The utilize of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) to evacuate pharmaceutical contaminants from water sources has been considered by researchers in the last decade. In this research, HKUST-1/ZnO/SA composite with high adsorption capacity, chemical and water stability, recovery, and reuse properties has been synthesized and investigated. By adding 10 wt% of ZnO and 50 wt% of sodium alginate to HKUST-1, at 25 °C and pH = 7, the specific surface area is reduced by 60%. The parameters of drugs concentration C0 =(5,80) mg/L, time=(15,240) min, and pH= (2,12) were investigated, and the results showed that the HKUST-1/ZnO/SA is stable in water for 14 days and it can be used in 10 cycles with 80% removal efficiency. The maximum Adsorption loading of doxycycline and Naproxen upon HKUST-1/ZnO/SA is 97.58 and 80.04 mg/g, respectively. Based on the correlation coefficient (R2), the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir isotherm models were selected for drug adsorption. The proposed mechanism of drug uptake is by MOFs, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic bonding, and acid-base interaction.

Shielding Surfaces from Viruses and Bacteria with a Multiscale Coating.

The spread of viral and bacterial pathogens mediated by contact with surfaces is a leading cause of infection worldwide. COVID-19 and the continuous rise of deaths associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria highlight the need to impede surface-mediated transmission. A sprayable coating with an intrinsic ability to resist the uptake of bacteria and viruses from surfaces and droplets, such as those generated by sneezing or coughing, is reported. The coating also provides an effective microbicidal functionality against bacteria, providing a dual barrier against pathogen uptake and transmission. This antimicrobial functionality is fully preserved following scratching and other induced damage to its surface or 9 days of submersion in a highly concentrated suspension of bacteria. The coatings also register an 11-fold decrease in viral contamination compared to the noncoated surfaces.

Nanomaterials and metal-organic frameworks for biosensing applications of mutations of the emerging viruses.

The world today lives in a state of terrible fear due to the mutation of the emerging COVID-19. With the continuation of this pandemic, there is an urgent need for fast, accurate testing devices to detect the emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in terms of biosensors and point-of-care testing. Besides, the urgent development in personal defense tools, anti-viral surfaces and wearables, and smartphones open the door for simplifying the self-diagnosis process everywhere. This review introduces a quick COVID-19 overview: definition, transmission, pathophysiology, the identification and diagnosis, mutation and transformation, and the global situation. It also focuses on an overview of the rapidly advanced technologies based on nanomaterials and MOFs for biosensing, diagnosing, and viral control of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Finally, highlight the latest technologies, applications, existing achievements, and preventive diagnostic strategies to control this epidemic and combat the emerging coronavirus. This humble effort aims to provide a helpful survey that can be used to develop a creative solution and to lay down the future vision of diagnosis against COVID-19.

Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Drug Delivery Systems.

In the last decade, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great prospective as new drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their unique properties: these materials exhibit fascinating architectures, surfaces, composition, and a rich chemistry of these compounds. The DSSs allow the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient to accomplish a desired therapeutic response. Over the past few decades, there has been exponential growth of many new classes of coordination polymers, and MOFs have gained popularity over other identified systems due to their higher biocompatibility and versatile loading capabilities. This review presents and assesses the most recent research, findings, and challenges associated with the use of MOFs as DDSs. Among the most commonly used MOFs for investigated-purpose MOFs, coordination polymers and metal complexes based on synthetic and natural polymers, are well known. Specific attention is given to the stimuli- and multistimuli-responsive MOFs-based DDSs. Of great interest in the COVID-19 pandemic is the use of MOFs for combination therapy and multimodal systems.

Electrochemical immunosensor for rapid and highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in the nasal sample.

A label-free electrochemical biosensing approach as an appropriate analysis technique for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SARS-CoV-2 S-protein) was investigated to facilitate the diagnosis of coronavirus in real samples. It is crucial to construct diagnostic features that can rapidly identify infected individuals to limit the spread of the virus and assign treatment choices. Therefore, a novel and selective method using SiO2@UiO-66 and a label-free electrochemical immunoassay for rapidly detecting spike protein. The development of innovative approaches for direct viral detection employing simplified and ideally reagent-free assays is a pressing and difficult topic. The absence of speedy and effective ways to diagnose viral diseases especially SARS-CoV-2 on demand has worsened the issue of combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The developed electrode illustrated a wide dynamic range of 100.0 fg mL-1 to 10.0 ng mL-1 with low limit detection. Therefore, the as-fabricated electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 S-protein sensor suggests an appropriate perspective in the point-of-care system, within 5.0 min, in nasal samples with satisfactory recovery.

Facile preparation of antibacterial MOF‐fabric systems for functional protective wearables

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown numerous potentials as promising materials to address real‐world problems. However, their practical utilization in commercial products was largely limited by the lack of downstream processing methodologies to transform MOF powders into functional products. In this study, a commercially viable solution for the general synthesis of MOF‐fabric composites was introduced. On account of coordination bonding between poly(acrylic acid) and MOF substrates, MOF powders securely adhered onto the surface of fabric materials via a drip cast method to give MOF‐fabric composites easily. This strategy can be applied to different MOF types, as well as a wide variety of fabric materials. The prepared materials showed excellent bacterial killing efficacy attributed to the embedded HKUST‐1 MOF. In light of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, this methodology could enable the large‐scale fabrication of essential MOF‐based personal protective wearables (e.g., clothing and masks) for use by healthcare professionals.